Biomass And Renewable Sources Of Energy - 2192 Words

Executive summary Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 14% of the world s total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating. The wood from trees is most common biomass used for energy. It has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time. Biomass cannot replace our current dependence on coal, oil, and natural gas, but it can complement other renewables such as solar and wind energy. To converted biomass into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and at least as economical, technological innovations will be needed. Gasification is considered as a key technology for the use of biomass . In order to promote this technology in the future, advanced, cost effective, and highly efficient gasification processes and systems are required. Generally all different types of biomass can be converted by gasification into syngas mainly comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. . From this syngas, all kinds of energy or energy carriers such as heat, power, biofuels, hydrogen, biomethane and chemicals can be provided. Key words: renewable sources,Show MoreRelatedEnergy Sources Of Renewable Biomass962 Words   |  4 PagesI. INTRODUCTION As an abundant, inexpensive, and renewable as well as environmentally-friendly (i.e. CO2-neutral) energy source, biomass energy has been a particular focus of researcher and policy makers as well as industries around the world (Chen, 2003). Renewable biomass presents an important research area for energy source, considering the current global crises of exhaustible sources of energy. Bioenergy is the 4th largest source of energy in the world, and it does not contribute to the globalRead MoreSustainability And Construction Practices : Department Of Civil Engineering1256 Words   |  6 Pages 3 Scope of renewable energy 3 Types of renewable energy i. Solar power 3 ii. Wind power 5 iii. Biomass 6 iv. Geothermal energy 7 v. hydropower 8 Conclusion 8 References 9â€Æ' RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY IN SUSTAINABILITY INTRODUCTION: It is the energy comes from natural resources like sun light, wind, rain water and geothermal heat. As we all know that coal, oil, gas are limited in nature they might run out some day renewable energy is the best wayRead MoreEssay about Biomass as an Alternative Energy1701 Words   |  7 PagesBiomass Abstract: The current use of energy in the United States, especially California, is foreshadowing catastrophe in our environment. Due to high demand of fossil fuels, the air is filled with more pollution every day. In addition to, it can increase the chances of having global warming. Since fossil fuels are generated from raw materials which are easy and cheap users are becoming extremely dependent on them. The main problem with fossil energy is that the supply of fossil fuels is notRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words   |  5 Pagesorder to provide us energy. Almost everything we use nowadays consumes power in some form, and in tandem we rely on energy. Fossil fuels have become the go to resource for providing power. Fossil fuels include natural resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These fossil fuels fall under the non-renewable category because they take thousands of years in order to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being cons umed. Another non-renewable energy source is nuclear fuel, whichRead MoreBiomass Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesresidue biomass is highly recommended as clean and renewable sources of energy that increases the possibility of replacing the consumption of conventional energy fossil fuels. The objectives of this review report is to evaluate the processes how briquettes are produced from agricultural wastes/residues and To compare the intensity of greenhouse gas emission using briquettes of agricultural wastes/residues with other forms of energy sources especially fossil fuels. Thus agricultural residue biomass energyRead MoreBiomass As A Renewable Energy Resource907 Words   |  4 Pages3 Biomass as a renewable energy resource Biomass can be considered as a renewable energy resource, although burning biomass releases carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere similar to burning fossil fuel (Liu H. 2011). There is a significant difference in CO2 release between burning a fossil fuel and burning biomass. Burning a fossil fuel releases CO2 that has been locked up for millions of years in the ground, affecting the natural CO2 cycle and resulting in an increase in the CO2 concentration inRead MoreAlternative Energy: Solar Energy1323 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world today, alternative energy source which is an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energy is becoming more and more of a necessity. Right now, the world’s population growth has caused an increase in the energy demand. Rosenberg (2009) pointed out that the world’s current growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. OECDs International Energy Agency[IEA] (2014) found that from 2011 to 2035 the world energy demand is likely to rise by more than two-thirds. ThoughRead MoreThe world depends heavily on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, and while700 Words   |  3 Pagesnatural gas for energy, and while the worlds population and energy consumption continue to increase, the non-renewable resources we need to produce energy will eventually be depleted. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the supply of oil left in the world will last us twenty five more years. One may say that twenty five years is a long time, and by then new sources of fuel will surely have replaced the nonrenewable sources we currently use to meet our energy demands. This, howeverRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources And The Global Warming1503 Words   |  7 PagesRenewable energy sources Let’s ask ourselves that when the erosion able elements of the earth is not achievable anymore and the glob is getting warmer day by day, what we are going to do to satisfy our requirements, and wants? How we can reduce global warming, decrease the negative impacts of greenhouse gas emission? What are some other natural origins by which we can continue our lives without hurting other existences in the earth? All these problems can be solved if we use renewable energy sourcesRead MoreRenewable Energy Resources In Thaille Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages Brunei is targeting to utilize 0.6% of renewable energy consumption into the country’s final energy consumption by 2035. Yet, oil will still account for the largest share (46%), followed by gas (35%) and electricity (19%). Natural gas and oil will remain the dominant supply fuels for primary energy with small contributions from new renewable energy which is solar and biomass. Currently, the economy already has a 1.2 MW solar power plant and will continue to develop more solar capacity during the

The Art And Beauty Leonardo s Benci And Renaissance...

Acquired in 1967 by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., a 15th century oil-on-wood portrait of a Florentine aristocrat entitled ‘Ginevra de’ Benci’. The painting depicts a young de’ Benci surrounded by a dreamlike background of juniper and hazy landscape as she looks the viewer in the eye, while the reverse shows a wreath consisting of a sprig of juniper encircled by laurel and palm. This portrait has been displayed in the â€Å"Virtue and Beauty: Leonardo s Ginevra de’ Benci and Renaissance Portraits of Women† exhibit since 2001. Starting in 1969, it was part of the â€Å"In Memoriam: Ailsa Mellon Bruce exhibit†, also with the National Gallery of Art. Prior to that, it was displayed with the National Gallery in London having†¦show more content†¦It is speculated that her betrothed Luigi Niccolini to whom she was married to in 1474 commissioned this portrait. It is unknown who actually did commission the portrai t as Ginevra was known to have had several admirers who composed poetry in her honor and entreated her to share own verse with them. Among them was Lorenzo de’Medici, whose elite family was known for its patronage of the arts. It may have been he who commissioned her portrait to celebrate, or even substitute for, the object of his admiration and esteem. Many portrait subjects of the Renaissance were from a wealthy family, and educated. Ginevra was well known as a poet and learned conversationalist within her community. She, like many young women of the time were expected to comport themselves with dignity and modesty. Virtue was prized and guarded, and a girl’s beauty was thought to be a sign of goodness. Therefore, her flawless chalk-white skin, porcelain-fine features, and a reserved, somewhat impenetrable expression reflect her education, virtue and obvious beauty. Her simplistic lack of obvious finery, however, is somewhat surprising. Women in elaborate dresses ad orned with jewels and luxurious brocades displayed a family’s wealth in most portraits of the time. This lack of adornment and the three quarter pose reveal young Leonardo as an innovator. Additionally, Ginevra de’ Benci is one of the first known three-quarter-view portraits in Italian art. Leonardo placed herShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Portraiture of Women During the Renaissance1801 Words   |  8 Pageswill discuss how women were represented in the portraiture during the Renaissance period. It will explain how the women’s body was pictured in portraiture as; marriage celebrant, husbands beloved, figures of fertility, mothers, display of wealth, paragons of virtues, husband’s passive representative, indication of fashion and more (Brown, 2003). Next, it will include analysis from the two female portraits of Leonardo de Vinci’s Ginerva de’ Benci and Sandro Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady. FirstRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s Port rait Of Cecilia Gallerani Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesconstruct. Regardless of whom he preferred romantically, many of his portraits are absolutely filled with sensuality. There is something so obvious, so crude, about Leonardo da Vinci s portrait of Cecilia Gallerani that it might seem beneath discussion. The 16-year-old mistress of the ruler of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, is stroking an ermine. The creature is white, furry and bony. Scholars have written reams about this ermine s significance as an allegory of purity. With its long snout and serpentine

Music and Stress free essay sample

Music has a unique ability to lower levels of anxiety and tension when listened to under the proper conditions. There are many correlations between the types of music listened to and the amount of decreased stress. To explain how some music lowers levels of stress and others dont, one should know how sound is processed through the brain. The auditory system controls how people physiological and behavioral react to sound. Sound moves from the inner ear to the auditory cortex directly. Then sound moves to the temporal lobes where it is consciously perceived. Depending on the type of music will determine the response.As said by Western, The arousal level of the central nervous system depends upon the intensity, complexity, variability, predictability and meaning of sound stimuli. The auditory system responds most to changes in timing of sound stimuli (Western 293). Different rhythms and other musical characteristics will determine how one reacts to the given piece. The auditory system controls how people physiological and behavioral react to sound. Sound moves from the inner ear to the auditory cortex directly. Then sound moves to the temporal lobes where It Is consciously perceived.Depending on the type of music will determine the response. As said by Western, The arousal level of the central nervous system depends upon the intensity, complexity, variability, predictability and meaning of sound stimuli. The auditory system responds most to changes In timing of sound stimuli (Western 293). Different rhythms and other musical characteristics will determine how one reacts to the given piece. When conducting a study Churchmans played three pieces, each picked to represent the emotions of sadness, fear, and happiness for a group of people.As he said The sad excerpt had slow tempos, minor harmonies, and fairly constant ranges of pitch and dynamics. The fear excerpt had rapid tempos, dissonant harmonies, and large variations of dynamics and pitch. The happy excerpts had rapid tempos, danceable rhythms, major harmonies and constant range of pitch and dynamics. (Churchmans 46) His findings concluded that the ratings for the Intended emotions tested, were significantly higher than ratings for unintended ones. The different characteristics such as tempo or key, of the songs determined hat emotion it received. This proves music has an emotional meaning behind it.When Music is properly used it can change the emotions of one. An example of this would be a study done by Elise Lab. She hypothesized that individuals who are exposed to relaxing music or self-selected music would demonstrate lowers levels of anxiety and increase levels of relaxation compared to sitting in silence or heavy metal music after experiencing a stressful test. Self-selected music is given so the Individual gas some control over the experiment As Lab said, Health psychology search Indicates perceived control Is an Important factor In reducing the stress response. (Lab 163). The results of the study supported her hypothesis. She measured heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, and anxiety. The people who listened to relaxing music or self-selected demonstrated changes In four of the five categories. The people who sat In silence demonstrated changes In two of the five categories. The people who listened to heavy metal music demonstrated one change out of the five categories. This agree with Washmans comments, the heavy metal OFF reverse system. More arousal will lead to less relaxation.By listening to soothing music individuals experience a reduction in negative emotions and increase positive emotions. The two reasons uses for music therapy in stress management are anxiety and anxiety-provoking clinical situations, from test taking to medical procedures. Dry. Knoll, a leading researcher in field of music therapy for stress management, has used music to treat many forms of anxiety. When dealing with test anxiety he said Various types of music may reduce physiological symptoms of anxiety and significantly increase exam scores in college students (Wolff 417).He did not measure the arousal of the central nervous system like the other mentioned. Instead he believed in the cognitive response given to him by the subjects. When music is used for patients who are chronically ill or in the intensive care unit there mood improves and comfort increases. When cancer patients were tested they showed positive changes in mood and less physical discomfort. Music has also been found to help with the stresses of pregnancy. A study with adolescents showed a less state of anxiety in the third trimester versus the control.The most interesting find is the use to music during surgery. As Dry. Wolff said, Music has been found to reduce the stress hormone levels during surgery. Also when given anesthesia while listening, music reduces struggling, delirium, and vomiting. (Wolff 420) I cannot explain how these physical side effects were eliminated and have found no further information to prove this theory valid. The most effect way for treat stress using music is through music-based individualized relaxation training. As Dry.Wolff says, the goal is to move the client from respondent procedures to operant procedures so that relaxation skills can be performed independently (Wolff 427). This method is broken down into four levels. The first level is preparing the body for relaxation by lying still with the eyes closed. The second level teaches breath control with instructions given by the therapist through chants. In this level music can be modified to better suit the clients needs. In the third level music is gradually faded out and replaced with voice commands.As we can see the music is acting like a race during the earlier stages. Dry. Wolff describes the goal of this level by saying, Criterion for this level is the achievement of both relaxation skills in response to dermal instruction and an increasingly relaxed physiological state in response to the relaxation procedures (Wolff 428). The final level is applying the relaxation techniques to everyday stresses. This method is complex but facilities the greatest results making it the most sought after. One of the main benefits of using music therapy as a treatment is the lack of negative side effects.Most researchers agree the only negative effect experienced was a lack for the desired response. This can happen more frequently when not using a trained and licensed music therapist. A trained therapist will chose the music depending on patient. Dry. Wolff says, It cannot be assumed that on particular piece or genre of music is universally effective Ninth patients; rather, music can only be selected for therapeutic use following Individuals assessment process with direct input from the client. (Wolff 424) It is possible that music can be used successfully one time and not the other.This appends because the relaxed state of the patient minimizes his or her defense and allows psychological issues to reappear. Unlocking these reactions may help face been used to treat physical and physiological problems even before the middle ages. Ere ability for music to change emotions in one is remarkable and should be looked into more frequently considering the lack of side effects. From college students in Label studies using music to lower stress after taking a test to using music to make cancer patients feel better about a losing struggle, music has positive benefits on the individual.